Cho \(a^2+b^2+c^2=a^3+b^3+c^3=1\)
Tính \(S=a^2+b^{2012}+c^{2013}\)
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1)
\(\dfrac{x-1}{2014}+\dfrac{x-2}{2013}+\dfrac{x-3}{2012}+...+\dfrac{x-2014}{1}=2014\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(\dfrac{x-1}{2014}-1\right)+\left(\dfrac{x-2}{2013}-1\right)+...+\left(\dfrac{x-2014}{1}-1\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{x-2015}{2014}+\dfrac{x-2015}{2013}+...+\dfrac{x-2015}{1}=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-2025\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{2014}+\dfrac{1}{2013}+...+\dfrac{1}{1}\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x=2015\)
Vậy \(S=\left\{2015\right\}\)
\(a\left(b^2+c^2\right)+b\left(a^2+c^2\right)+c\left(a^2+b^2\right)-2abc-a^3-b^3-c^3\)
\(=c\left(a-b\right)^2+\left[ab^2+ac^2+a^2b+bc^2-a^3-b^3-c^3\right]\)
\(=c\left(a-b\right)^2+c^2\left(a+b-c\right)+ab^2+a^2b-a^3-b^3\)
\(=c\left(a-b\right)^2+c^2\left(a+b-c\right)-\left(a^3-a^2b\right)+\left(ab^2-b^3\right)\)
\(=c\left(a-b\right)^2+c^2\left(a+b-c\right)-a^2\left(a-b\right)+b^2\left(a-b\right)\)
\(=c\left(a-b\right)^2+c^2\left(a+b-c\right)-\left(a+b\right)\left(a-b\right)^2\)
\(=-\left(a-b\right)^2\left(a+b-c\right)+c^2\left(a+b-c\right)\)
\(=\left(a+b-c\right)\left(a-b+c\right)\left(-a+b+c\right)\)
Đặt \(P=\dfrac{a^3}{a^2+b^2+ab}+\dfrac{b^3}{b^2+c^2+bc}+\dfrac{c^3}{c^2+a^2+ca}\)
Ta có: \(\dfrac{a^3}{a^2+b^2+ab}=a-\dfrac{ab\left(a+b\right)}{a^2+b^2+ab}\ge a-\dfrac{ab\left(a+b\right)}{3\sqrt[3]{a^3b^3}}=a-\dfrac{a+b}{3}=\dfrac{2a-b}{3}\)
Tương tự: \(\dfrac{b^3}{b^2+c^2+bc}\ge\dfrac{2b-c}{3}\) ; \(\dfrac{c^3}{c^2+a^2+ca}\ge\dfrac{2c-a}{3}\)
Cộng vế:
\(P\ge\dfrac{a+b+c}{3}=673\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=673\)
\(a^2+b^2+c^2=1\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a^2\le1\\b^2\le1\\c^2\le1\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\left|a\right|\le1\\\left|b\right|\le1\\\left|c\right|\le1\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a^3\le a^2\\b^3\le b^2\\c^3\le c^2\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow a^3+b^3+c^3\le a^2+b^2+c^2=1\)
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi và chỉ khi: \(\left(a;b;c\right)=\left(0;0;1\right)\) và các hoán vị
\(\Rightarrow S=0+0+1=1\)
.\(a\left(b^2+c^2\right)+b\left(c^2+a^2\right)+c\left(a^2+b^2\right)-2abc-a^3-b^3-c^3\)
=\(a\left(b^2-2bc+c^2-a^2\right)+b\left(a^2+2ac+c^2-b^2\right)+c\left(a^2-2ab+b^2-c^2\right)\)
=\(a\left[\left(b-c\right)^2-a^2\right]+b\left[\left(a+c\right)^2-b^2\right]+=c\left[\left(a-b^2\right)-c^2\right]\)
=\(a\left(c-b+a\right)\left(a+b-c\right)+b\left(a+c-b\right)\left(a+b+c\right)+c\left(a-b+c\right)\left(a-b-c\right)\)
=\(\left(a+c-b\right)\left[a\left(c-b+a\right)+b\left(a+b+c\right)+c\left(a-b-c\right)\right]\)
=\(\left(a+c-b\right)\left(b+a-c\right)\left(c+b-a\right)\)
Vì \(a^2+b^2+c^2=a^3+b^3+c^3=1\Rightarrow a^2-a^3+b^2-b^3+c^2-c^3=0\)\(\Rightarrow a^2\left(1-a\right)+b^2\left(1-b\right)+c^2\left(1-c\right)=0\left(1\right).\)
Do \(a^2\ge0,b^2\ge0,c^2\ge0\Rightarrow0\le a^2,b^2,c^2\le1\Rightarrow0\le a,b,c\le1.\)\(\Rightarrow0\le1-a,1-b,1-c\le1\Rightarrow a^2\left(1-a\right)+b^2\left(1-b\right)+c^2\left(1-c\right)\ge0\left(2\right).\)
Từ (1) và (2) => đẳng thức phải xảy ra ở (2), khi:
\(\hept{\begin{cases}a^2\left(1-a\right)=b^2\left(1-b\right)=c^2\left(1-c\right)=0\\a^2+b^2+c^2=a^3+b^3+c^3=0\end{cases}}\)\(\Leftrightarrow\)Trong 3 số a, b, c có 1 số bằng 1, 2 số còn lại bằng 0.
Vậy \(S=a^2+b^{2012}+c^{2013}=1+0+0=1.\)