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Bài 1)
Ta có:
A = \(\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+\dfrac{1}{5^2}+\dfrac{1}{6^2}+\dfrac{1}{7^2}+\dfrac{1}{8^2}\)
A < \(\dfrac{1}{1.2}+\dfrac{1}{2.3}+\dfrac{1}{3.4}+\dfrac{1}{4.5}+\dfrac{1}{5.6}+\dfrac{1}{6.7}+\dfrac{1}{7.8}\)
A < \(1-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{4}-\dfrac{1}{5}+\dfrac{1}{5}-\dfrac{1}{6}+\dfrac{1}{6}-\dfrac{1}{7}+\dfrac{1}{7}-\dfrac{1}{8}\)
A < \(1-\dfrac{1}{8}\) = \(\dfrac{7}{8}\) < 1
Vậy A < 1
Bài 2)
Ta thấy:
\(\dfrac{2011}{2012+2013}< \dfrac{2011}{2012};\dfrac{2012}{2012+2013}< \dfrac{2012}{2013}\)
\(\Rightarrow\) \(\dfrac{2011}{2012+2013}+\dfrac{2012}{2012+2013}< \dfrac{2011}{2012}+\dfrac{2012}{2013}\)
\(\Rightarrow\) \(\dfrac{2011+2012}{2012+2013}< \dfrac{2011}{2012}+\dfrac{2012}{2013}\)
\(\Rightarrow\) A < B
Bài 3)
Ta có:
B = \(\left(1-\dfrac{1}{1}\right)\left(1-\dfrac{1}{3}\right).\left(1-\dfrac{1}{4}\right)......\left(1-\dfrac{1}{20}\right)\)
= \(0.\left(1-\dfrac{1}{3}\right)\left(1-\dfrac{1}{4}\right)......\left(1-\dfrac{1}{20}\right)\)
= 0
Bài 3)
Ta có:
A = \(1+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{2^3}+.....+\dfrac{1}{2^{2012}}\)
\(\Rightarrow\) 2A = \(2\left(1+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{2^3}+.....+\dfrac{1}{2^{2012}}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow\) 2A = \(2+1+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+.....+\dfrac{1}{2^{2011}}\)
\(\Rightarrow\) 2A - A = \(\left(2+1+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+.....+\dfrac{1}{2^{2011}}\right)\)-\(\left(1+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{2^3}+.....+\dfrac{1}{2^{2012}}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow\) A = 2 - \(\dfrac{1}{2^{2012}}\) = \(\dfrac{2^{2013}-1}{2^{2012}}\)
Bài 5)
\(\pi\) + 5 \(⋮\) \(\pi\) - 2
\(\Leftrightarrow\) \(\pi\) - 2 + 7 \(⋮\) \(\pi\) - 2
\(\Leftrightarrow\) 7 \(⋮\) \(\pi\) - 2 (vì \(\pi\) - 2 \(⋮\) \(\pi\) - 2)
\(\Leftrightarrow\) \(\pi\) - 2 \(\in\) Ư(7)
\(\Leftrightarrow\) \(\pi\) - 2 \(\in\) \(\left\{\pm1;\pm7\right\}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\) \(\pi\) \(\in\) \(\left\{1;3;-5;9\right\}\)
1/ \(B=\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{8^2}\)
\(B< \dfrac{1}{1.2}+\dfrac{1}{2.3}+...+\dfrac{1}{7.8}\)
\(B< \dfrac{1}{1}-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{7}-\dfrac{1}{8}\)
\(B< \dfrac{1}{1}-\dfrac{1}{8}< 1\)
\(B< 1\)
2/ \(B=\left(1-\dfrac{1}{2}\right)\left(1-\dfrac{1}{3}\right)\left(1-\dfrac{1}{4}\right)...\left(1-\dfrac{1}{20}\right)\)
\(B=\dfrac{1}{2}\cdot\dfrac{2}{3}\cdot\dfrac{3}{4}\cdot...\cdot\dfrac{19}{20}\)
\(B=\dfrac{1\times2\times3\times...\times19}{2\times3\times4\times...\times20}\)
\(B=\dfrac{1}{20}\)
3/ \(A=\dfrac{7}{4}\cdot\left(\dfrac{3333}{1212}+\dfrac{3333}{2020}+\dfrac{3333}{3030}+\dfrac{3333}{4242}\right)\)
\(A=\dfrac{7}{4}\cdot\left(\dfrac{33}{12}+\dfrac{33}{20}+\dfrac{33}{30}+\dfrac{33}{42}\right)\)
\(A=\dfrac{7}{4}\cdot\left(\dfrac{33}{3.4}+\dfrac{33}{4.5}+\dfrac{33}{5.6}+\dfrac{33}{6.7}\right)\)
\(A=\dfrac{7}{4}.33.\left(\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{4}-\dfrac{1}{5}+\dfrac{1}{5}-\dfrac{1}{6}+\dfrac{1}{6}-\dfrac{1}{7}\right)\)
\(A=\dfrac{231}{4}.\left(\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{7}\right)\)
\(A=\dfrac{231}{4}\cdot\dfrac{4}{21}\)
\(A=11\)
4/ A phải là \(\dfrac{2011+2012}{2012+2013}\)
Ta có : \(B=\dfrac{2011}{2012}+\dfrac{2012}{2013}>\dfrac{2011}{2013}+\dfrac{2012}{2013}=\dfrac{2011+2012}{2013}>\dfrac{2011+2012}{2012+2013}=A\)
\(\Rightarrow B>A\)
\(A=1+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{2^{2012}}\)
\(\Rightarrow2A=2+1+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{2^{2011}}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2A-A=\left(2+1+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{2^{2011}}\right)-\left(1+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{2^{2012}}\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow A=2-\dfrac{1}{2^{2012}}\)
Ta có :
\(A=1+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{2^3}+....................+\dfrac{1}{2^{2012}}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2A=2+1+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{2^3}+................+\dfrac{1}{2^{2011}}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2A-A=\left(2+1+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+..........+\dfrac{1}{2^{2011}}\right)-\left(1+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+............+\dfrac{1}{2^{2012}}\right)\)\(\Leftrightarrow A=2-\dfrac{1}{2^{2012}}\)
Đây là dạng toán nâng cao chuyên đề về so sánh phân số, cấu trúc thi chuyên, thi học sinh giỏi, thi violympic. Hôm nay olm sẽ hướng dẫn em cách giải dạng này như sau.
Xét dãy số: 2; 3; 4;...; 2023
Dãy số trên là dãy số cách đều với khoảng cách là: 2 - 1 = 1
Số số hạng của dãy số trên là: (2023 - 2) : 1 + 1 = 2022
Vì \(\dfrac{3}{2^2}\) = \(\dfrac{3}{4}\) < 1 ; \(\dfrac{8}{3^2}\) = \(\dfrac{3^2-1}{3^2}\) < 1;...; \(\dfrac{2023^2-1}{2023^2}\) < 1
Vậy A là tổng của 2022 phân số mã mỗi phân số đều nhỏ hơn 1
⇒ A < 1 x 2022 = 2022 (1)
Mặt khác ta có:
A = \(\dfrac{3}{2^2}\) + \(\dfrac{8}{3^2}\) + \(\dfrac{15}{4^2}\) + \(\dfrac{2023^2-1}{2023^2}\)
A = 1 - \(\dfrac{1}{2^2}\) + 1 - \(\dfrac{1}{3^2}\) + ... + 1 - \(\dfrac{1}{2023^2}\)
A = (1 + 1 + 1+ ...+ 1) - (\(\dfrac{1}{2^2}\) + \(\dfrac{1}{3^2}\)+...+ \(\dfrac{1}{2023^2}\))
A = 2022 - (\(\dfrac{1}{2^2}\) + \(\dfrac{1}{3^2}\) + .... + \(\dfrac{1}{2023^2}\))
Đặt B = \(\dfrac{1}{2^2}\) + \(\dfrac{1}{3^2}\) + .... + \(\dfrac{1}{2023^2}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{2^2}\) < \(\dfrac{1}{1.2}\) = \(\dfrac{1}{1}\) - \(\dfrac{1}{2}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{3^2}\) < \(\dfrac{1}{2.3}\) = \(\dfrac{1}{2}\) - \(\dfrac{1}{3}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{4^2}\) < \(\dfrac{1}{3.4}\) = \(\dfrac{1}{3}\) - \(\dfrac{1}{4}\)
............................
\(\dfrac{1}{2023^2}\)< \(\dfrac{1}{2022.2023}\) = \(\dfrac{1}{2022}\) - \(\dfrac{1}{2023}\)
Cộng vế với vế ta có:
B < 1 - \(\dfrac{1}{2023}\)
⇒ - B > -1 + \(\dfrac{1}{2023}\)
⇒ A = 2022 - B > 2022 - 1 + \(\dfrac{1}{2023}\) = 2021 + \(\dfrac{1}{2023}\) ⇒ A > 2021 (2)
Kết hợp (1) và (2) ta có:
2021 < A < 2022
Vậy A không phải là số tự nhiên (đpcm)
A = 3. \(\dfrac{1}{1.2}\) - 5. \(\dfrac{1}{2.3}\) + 7. \(\dfrac{1}{3.4}\) + ... + 15. \(\dfrac{1}{7.8}\) -17 . \(\dfrac{1}{8.9}\)
b: \(B=2013+\dfrac{2013}{3}+\dfrac{2013}{6}+\dfrac{2013}{10}+\dfrac{2013}{15}\)
\(=2013\left(1+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{6}+\dfrac{1}{10}+\dfrac{1}{15}\right)\)
\(=4026\cdot\left(1-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{4}-\dfrac{1}{5}+\dfrac{1}{5}-\dfrac{1}{6}\right)\)
\(=4026\cdot\dfrac{5}{6}=3355\)
mọi người thật là nhẫn tâm
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Ta có:
\(T=\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+1\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{3}+1\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{4}+1\right)...\left(\dfrac{1}{99}+1\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{3}{2}.\dfrac{4}{3}.\dfrac{5}{4}.\dfrac{6}{5}.\dfrac{7}{6}...\dfrac{99}{98}.\dfrac{100}{99}\)
\(=\dfrac{3.4.5.6.7...99.100}{2.3.4.5.6...98.99}\)
\(=\dfrac{\left(3.4.5.6.7...99\right).100}{2.\left(3.4.5.6...98.99\right)}\)
\(=\dfrac{100}{2}=50\)
Vậy \(T=50\)
Lời giải:
$A=1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{2^3}+....+\frac{1}{2^{2023}}$
$2A=2+1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2^2}+....+\frac{1}{2^{2022}}$
$2A-A=2-\frac{1}{2^{2023}}$
$A=2-\frac{1}{2^{2023}}$