cho biết \(\frac{ab}{a+b}=\frac{bc}{b+c}=\frac{ca}{c+a}\) tính \(\frac{ab+bc+ca}{a^2+b^2+c^2}\)
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a)\(VT=\sum_{cyc}\frac{ab^3+ab^2c+a^2bc}{\left(a^2+bc+ca\right)\left(b^2+bc+ca\right)}\le\frac{\sum_{cyc}\left(ab^3+ab^2c+a^2bc\right)}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\)
\(=\frac{ab^3+bc^3+ca^3+2a^2bc+2ab^2c+2abc^2}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\)\(\le\frac{\sum_{cyc}ab\left(a^2+b^2\right)+abc\left(a+b+c\right)}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\)
\(=\frac{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}=\frac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{ab+bc+ca}=VP\)
Bunhiacopxki:
\(\left(a^2+bc+ca\right)\left(b^2+bc+ca\right)\ge\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{ab}{a^2+bc+ca}\le\dfrac{ab\left(b^2+bc+ca\right)}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\)
Tương tự: \(\dfrac{bc}{b^2+ca+ab}\le\dfrac{bc\left(c^2+ca+ab\right)}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\)
\(\dfrac{ca}{c^2+ab+bc}\le\dfrac{ca\left(a^2+ab+bc\right)}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\)
\(\Rightarrow VT\le\dfrac{ab\left(b^2+bc+ca\right)+bc\left(c^2+ca+ab\right)+ca\left(a^2+ab+bc\right)}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\)
Nên ta chỉ cần chứng minh:
\(\dfrac{ab\left(b^2+bc+ca\right)+bc\left(c^2+ca+ab\right)+ca\left(a^2+ab+bc\right)}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\le\dfrac{a^2+c^2+c^2}{ab+bc+ca}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow ab\left(b^2+bc+ca\right)+bc\left(c^2+ca+ab\right)+ca\left(a^2+ab+bc\right)\le\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)
Nhân phá và rút gọn 2 vế:
\(\Leftrightarrow a^3b+b^3c+c^3a\ge abc\left(a+b+c\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a^3b+b^3c+c^3a}{abc}\ge a+b+c\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a^2}{c}+\dfrac{b^2}{a}+\dfrac{c^2}{b}\ge a+b+c\)
Đúng do: \(\dfrac{a^2}{c}+\dfrac{b^2}{a}+\dfrac{c^2}{b}\ge\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{a+b+c}=a+b+c\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c\)
Từ M=\(\frac{ab}{a+b}=\frac{bc}{b+c}=\frac{ca}{c+a}\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{a+b}{ab}=\frac{b+c}{bc}=\frac{c+a}{ca}\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{a}{ab}+\frac{b}{ab}=\frac{b}{bc}+\frac{c}{bc}=\frac{c}{ca}+\frac{a}{ca}\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{a}=\frac{1}{c}+\frac{1}{b}=\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{c}\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{a}=\frac{1}{b}=\frac{1}{c}\)
\(\Rightarrow a=b=c\)
Ta có: \(M=\frac{ab+bc+ca}{a^2+b^2+c^2}=\frac{a^2+a^2+a^2}{a^2+a^2+a^2}=1\)
Vậy M= 1
Ta có \(\frac{ab}{a+b}=\frac{bc}{b+c}=\frac{ca}{a+c}\Rightarrow\frac{a+b}{ab}=\frac{b+c}{bc}=\frac{a+c}{ac}\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{a}{ab}+\frac{b}{ab}=\frac{b}{bc}+\frac{c}{bc}=\frac{c}{ca}+\frac{a}{ca}\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}=\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}=\frac{1}{c}+\frac{1}{a}\)
Có \(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}=\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{a}=\frac{1}{c}\left(1\right)\) và \(\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}=\frac{1}{c}+\frac{1}{a}\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{b}=\frac{1}{c}\left(2\right)\)
Từ \(\left(1\right)\left(2\right)\Rightarrow\frac{1}{a}=\frac{1}{b}=\frac{1}{c}\) hay \(a=b=c\)
Vậy \(M=\frac{ab+bc+ca}{a^2+b^2+c^2}=\frac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2}=1\)
Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Bunyakovsky, ta được: \(\Sigma_{cyc}\frac{ab}{a^2+bc+ca}=\Sigma_{cyc}\frac{ab\left(b^2+bc+ca\right)}{\left(a^2+bc+ca\right)\left(b^2+bc+ca\right)}\le\Sigma_{cyc}\frac{ab\left(b^2+bc+ca\right)}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\)
Ta có: \(\Sigma_{cyc}\frac{ab\left(b^2+bc+ca\right)}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}=\frac{ab^3+bc^3+ca^3+2a^2bc+2ab^2c+2abc^2}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}=\frac{ab^3+bc^3+ca^3+2.a\sqrt{ab}.c\sqrt{ab}+2.a\sqrt{bc}.b\sqrt{bc}+2.c\sqrt{ca}.b\sqrt{ca}}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\le\frac{ab^3+bc^3+ca^3+a^3b+abc^2+a^2bc+b^3c+c^3a+ab^2c}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}=\frac{\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\left(ab+bc+ca\right)}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}=\frac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{ab+bc+ca}\)
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi a = b = c
Áp dụng BĐT Bunhiacopxki:
\(\left(a^2+bc+ca\right)\left(b^2+bc+ca\right)\ge\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{ab}{a^2+bc+ca}\le\frac{ab\left(b^2+bc+ca\right)}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\)
Tương tự: \(\frac{bc}{b^2+ca+ab}\le\frac{bc\left(c^2+ca+ab\right)}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\) ; \(\frac{ac}{c^2+ab+bc}\le\frac{ac\left(a^2+ab+bc\right)}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\)
Cộng vế với vế:
\(VT\le\frac{ab^3+bc^3+ca^3+2a^2bc+2ab^2c+2abc^2}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\)
\(VT\le\frac{ab^3+bc^3+ca^3+2.a\sqrt{ab}.c\sqrt{ab}+2a\sqrt{bc}.b\sqrt{bc}+2c\sqrt{ac}.b\sqrt{ac}}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\)
\(VT\le\frac{ab^3+bc^3+ca^3+a^3b+abc^2+b^3c+a^2bc+ac^3+ab^2c}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)}=\frac{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\)
\(VT\le\frac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{ab+bc+ca}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c\)