`1)` Ta có:

`Ư(15)={1;3;5;15}`

`Ư(20)={1;2;4;5;10;20}`

`=>ƯC(15;20)={1;5}`

`2)` Ta có:

`18=3^2*2`

`60=2^2*3*5`

`=>ƯCLN(18;60)=3*2=6` 

`3)` Ta có:

`9=3^2`

`14=2*7`

`=>ƯCLN(9;14)=1`

`4)ƯCLN(4;10)=2`

`5)` 3 ⋮ n + 1

=> n + 1 ∈ Ư(3) = {1; -1; 3; -3}

Mà n là số tự nhiên => `n+1>=1`

=> n + 1 ∈ {1; 3}

=> n ∈ {0; 2} 

\(2a-b=\dfrac{2}{3}\left(a+b\right)\)

\(3\left(2a-b\right)=2\left(a+b\right)\)

\(6a-3b=2a+2b\)

\(4a=5b\)

\(a=\dfrac{5}{4}b\)

Thay vào A ta được:

\(A=\dfrac{\left(\dfrac{5}{4}b\right)^4+5^4}{b^4+4^4}=\dfrac{\dfrac{5^4}{4^4}\left(b^4+4^4\right)}{b^4+4}=\dfrac{5^4}{4^4}\)

a.

\(\left(2x-3\right)^2=400\)

\(\left(2x-3\right)^2=20^2\)

\(2x-3=20\) hoặc \(2x-3=-20\)

\(2x=23\) hoặc \(2x=-17\)

\(x=\dfrac{23}{2}\notin N\) hoặc \(x=-\dfrac{17}{2}\notin N\)

Vậy không có số tự nhiên x thỏa mãn

b.

\(5^{x+4}-3.5^{x+3}=2.5^{11}\)

\(5^{x+3}\left(5-3\right)=2.5^{11}\)

\(2.5^{x+3}=2.5^{11}\)

\(5^{x+3}=5^{11}\)

\(x+3=11\)

\(x=8\)

c.

\(5.3^{x+6}=2.3^5+3.3^5\)

\(5.3^{x+6}=3^5\left(2+3\right)\)

\(5.3^{x+6}=2.3^5\)

\(3^{x+6}=3^5\)

\(x+6=5\)

\(x=-1\notin N\)

Vậy ko có số tự nhiên x thỏa mãn

`(2x - 3)^2 = 400`

`<=> (2x - 3)^2 = 20^2`

`<=> 2x - 3 = -20` hoặc `2x - 3 = 20`

`<=> 2x =  -17` hoặc `2x = 23`

`<=> x = -17/2` hoặc `x = 23/2` (ko thỏa mãn) 

Vậy ...

`5^(x+4) - 3 . 5^(x+3) = 2 . 5^11`

`<=>  5^(x+3) . 5 - 3 . 5^(x+3) = 2 . 5^11`

`<=>  5^(x+3) . (5 - 3) = 2 . 5^11`

`<=>  5^(x+3) . 2 = 2 . 5^11`

`<=> x + 3 = 11`

`<=> x = 8`

Vậy ...

`5 . 3^(x+6) = 2.3^5 + 3 . 3^5 `

`<=>5 . 3^(x+6) = (2+ 3) . 3^5 `

`<=>5 . 3^(x+6) = 5 . 3^5 `

`<=> x + 6 = 5`

`<=> x = -1 ` (không thỏa mãn) 

Vậy ...

\(=8^{6-4}+3^3-1+2^{20+10}-2^{30}\)

\(=8^2+3^3-1+2^{30}-2^{30}\)

\(=8^2+3^3-1\)

\(=64+27-1\)

\(=90\)

Số đường còn lại sau buổi sáng là: 

`180 - 60 = 120 (kg) `

Số đường bán đi trong buổi chiều là: 

`120 xx 2/5 = 48 (kg)`

Số đường còn lại là: 

`12 0- 48 = 72 (kg)`

Đáp số: ...

\(\dfrac{x+8}{28}+\dfrac{x+10}{27}=\dfrac{x+12}{26}+\dfrac{x+14}{25}\)

\(\left(\dfrac{x+8}{28}+2\right)+\left(\dfrac{x+10}{27}+2\right)=\left(\dfrac{x+12}{26}+2\right)+\left(\dfrac{x+14}{25}+2\right)\)

\(\dfrac{x+64}{28}+\dfrac{x+64}{27}=\dfrac{x+64}{26}+\dfrac{x+64}{25}\)

\(\dfrac{x+64}{28}+\dfrac{x+64}{27}-\dfrac{x+64}{26}-\dfrac{x+64}{25}=0\)

\(\left(x+64\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{28}+\dfrac{1}{27}-\dfrac{1}{26}-\dfrac{1}{25}\right)=0\)

\(x+64=0\) (do \(\dfrac{1}{28}+\dfrac{1}{27}-\dfrac{1}{26}-\dfrac{1}{25}\ne0\))

\(x=-64\)

\(10M=\dfrac{10.\left(10^{100}+1\right)}{10^{101}+1}=\dfrac{10^{101}+10}{10^{101}+1}=\dfrac{10^{101}+1+9}{10^{101}+1}=1+\dfrac{9}{10^{101}+1}\)

\(10N=\dfrac{10.\left(10^{101}+1\right)}{10^{102}+1}=\dfrac{10^{102}+10}{10^{102}+1}=\dfrac{10^{102}+1+9}{10^{102}+1}=1+\dfrac{9}{10^{102}+1}\)

Do \(10^{101}< 10^{102}\Rightarrow10^{101}+1< 10^{102}+1\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{9}{10^{101}+1}>\dfrac{9}{10^{102}+1}\)

\(\Rightarrow1+\dfrac{9}{10^{101}+1}>1+\dfrac{9}{10^{102}+1}\)

\(\Rightarrow10M>10N\)

\(\Rightarrow M>N\)

\(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}=\dfrac{1}{3}\)

\(\dfrac{x+y}{xy}=\dfrac{1}{3}\)

\(3\left(x+y\right)=xy\)

\(xy-3x-3y=0\)

\(xy-3x-3y+9=9\)

\(x\left(y-3\right)-3\left(y-3\right)=9\)

\(\left(x-3\right)\left(y-3\right)=9\)

Ta có bảng sau:

Vậy \(\left(x;y\right)=\left(-6;2\right);\left(2;-6\right);\left(4;12\right);\left(6;6\right);\left(12;4\right)\)

Thêm điều kiện: `x;y in Z`

Do `x;y in Z`

`=> x-1 in Z và y+1 in Z`

Mà `(x-1)(y+1)=3`

`=> x - 1 in Ư(3) = {-3;-1;1;3}`

`=> x in {-2;0;2;4} `

Khi đó: `y + 1 in {-1;-3;3;1}`

`=> y in {-2;-4;2;0}` (Thỏa mãn)

Vậy `(x;y) in {(-2;-2);(0;-4);(2;2);(4;0)}`