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1 What is water pollution?
2 It is the contamination in the bodies of water
1 Is it serious?
2 Yes
1: What can cause water pollution?
2 :Factories dump industrial waste into lakes
1: What are its effects?
2: It makes some aquatic animals and plants die
Chúc e hok tốt
Exercise 1:
Air pollution is measured by a number called the Air Quality Index (AQI), which ranges from 0-500, with anything over 150 considered “unhealthy.” The World Health Organization considers any reading above 100 to be hazardous and recommends that people avoid prolonged exposure. While Vietnamese cities such as Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City have AHI readings around 100 or higher, many provinces have far worse levels of pollution. In some areas of the south, where there are large rubber plantations and coal mines, AQI numbers can surpass 500.
(Ô nhiễm không khí được đo bởi một con số gọi là Chỉ số Chất lượng Không khí (AQI), có khoảng từ 0 đến 500, với bất cứ cái gì ở trên mức 150 sẽ được coi là “độc hại”. Tổ chức Y tế thế giới WHO cho rằng với mỗi lần đọc mà chỉ số trên 100 thì nghĩa là ở mức nguy hiểm và khuyến cáo mọi người tránh tiếp xúc lâu ở bên ngoài. Trong khi những thành phố ở Việt Nam như Hà Nội và thành phố Hồ Chí Minh đọc được chỉ số AHI khoảng 100 hoặc hơn, nhiều tính khác có mức độ ô nhiễm tệ hơn rất nhiều. Ở một vài vùng ở miền Nam, những vùng trồng cao su và mỏ than thì chỉ số AQI có thể vượt qua 500.)
Some simple way to reduce air pollution
(Vài cách đơn giản để giảm thiểu ô nhiễm không khí)
1. Using public transports
(Sử dụng phương tiện công cộng)
2. Turn off the lights when not in use
(Tắt điện khi không sử dụng)
3. Recycle and reuse
(Tái sử dụng và tái chế)
4. Say no to plastic bags
(Nói không với túi nhựa)
5. Reduction of forest fires and smoking
(Giảm thiểu cháy rừng và hút thuốc)
6. Use of fans instead of air conditioner
(Sử dụng quạt thay vì điều hòa)
7. Use filters for chimneys
(Sử dụng tấm lọc cho ống khói)
8. Avoid usage of crackers
(Tránh sử dụng pháo ống)
9. Avoid using of products with chemicals
(Tránh sử dụng các sản phẩm chứa nhiều chất hóa học)
10. Implement afforestation
(Tiến hành trồng rừng)
Ex1 :
1.Air pollution can contaminate directly of bodies water and soil of the surface
2.We will waste so much paper if we don't save thousands of trees .
3.What đo you really got if air pollution would be bad ?
4. Polluted water causes sach as the death of fish and crab ,aqua,animals .
5. If we recycle more rubbish ,it went to less landfill sites .
6.Agriculture has been impacted due to the overuse of chemicals on land pollution
7.Too much light is used in cities may cause of light pollution electric
8. Water pollution is one of the most serious enviroment problems of our time
1. ............... habitats have been destroyed in recent years ( nanture ) NATURAL
2.A number of cleaning products contain ................ chemicals ( harm ) HARMFUL
3. Water samples collectaed at these villages were seriously ..................... with bacteria ( contaminate ) CONTAMINATED
4. People belive that the .................... water has brought cancer to the local residents
5. Light pollution make us .................. to see the stars in the sky ( able) UNABLE
6. Noise is considenred as ................ pollution ( environment ) ENVIRONMENTAL
Causes of environmental pollution: Wastes of domestic and industrial activities contamination, throwing garbage indiscriminately into the river, agricultural activities: use of pesticides, and fertilizers discharged into the river
Water pollution not only causes direct dangerous consequences to the health and lives of people, animals, and plants on the planet but also leads to an increasingly declining economy. Therefore, we need to treat waste before discharging it into the environment, not littering and raising people's awareness of protecting the water environment.
I.water pollution
Artificial causes from people and production affect the water environment
1. From human beings
Every day there is a large amount of domes waste into the environment without treatment, in addition to increasing population, the amount of domes waste also increases. In developed countries, the population growth rate is about 5% while the population growth rate in developing countries is over 2%.
Domes wastewater is waste water generated from households, hospitals, hotels and schools, containing wastes during human daily life and sanitation. The basic composition of domes wastewater is organic biodegradable organic substances (carbohydrates, proteins, oils, nutrients, solids. Depending on living standards and lifestyle, the amount of wastewater as well as the load The substances in each person's wastewater in a day are different, and the higher the living standard, the higher the amount of waste water and the discharge load, so the disease has conditions to spread and pollute the environment.
2. From agricultural production
Agricultural activities such as animal husbandry, animal urine, unprocessed and environmental uneaten food and other agricultural activities. Pesides, fertilizers from rice fields, melons, gardens, vegetables contain toxic chemicals, can contaminate groundwater and surface water.
In the process of agricultural production, most farmers use pesides three times the recommended dose. Not only that, farmers also use banned pesides such as Thiodol, Monitor ... In the process of fertilizing, spraying, farmers do not equip with labor protection tools.
Currently, the use of chemical fertilizers and chemical pesides is rampant in agriculture, causing water sources to be affected. Quantification of residues will sink into the aquifers that affect the amount of water.
Most farmers do not have storage facilities for medicines and medicines when they have not been used and are stored everywhere, including near cafeterias and drinking water sources. Most of the peside bottles used after being discarded were immediately thrown into the fields, the rest were collected for sale.
3. From industrial production
Waste and wastewater, from industrial production activities due to the speed of urbanization, industrialization and development have led to the establishment of industrial parks, thus the amount of waste and wastewater of activities The industry is growing and has not been thoroughly treated directly into the environment or rivers, water sources affect the current water quality.
Natural causes affect the water environment
Any water quality degradation phenomenon causes water pollution. Water pollution due to rain, snow, flood ... or by the casca of living organisms' activity not to mention their corpses. Trees and organisms die, they are decomposed by microorganisms into organic matter. A part will infiltrate into the ground, then penetrate deep into the groundwater, pollute, or follow the flow of groundwater into the big stream.
Flooding can cause water to lose its purity, stir up contaminants, grime in sewers, carry many toxic waste from garbage dumps, and carry on with previously stored substances. .
Prolonged flooding can be more heavily polluted by chemicals used in agriculture, industrial waste, chemical pollution ... Water pollution due to natural factors (volcanoes, storms, floods, erosion ...) may be very serious.
The deterioration of water quality may be due to geological characteriss of water sources such as water on acid sulphate soils often contain a lot of iron, aluminum, water taken from the ground often contains a lot of calcium ...
Measures to overcome the causes of water pollution
People should become more aware of their living environment protection, enterprises should have tanks to treat waste water before being discharged into the environment. The authorities and mass organizations need to regularly inspect companies to avoid the situation of profit that companies do not comply with environmental protection laws.
In addition, people should also protect their family's health by a family water well filter system, a water treatment machine to completely remove contaminants, toxic substances and heavy metals. .. create pure water to drink water, directly without cooking.
The above are the causes of water pollution today, hope that through this arle, people can be more aware to protect the water environment more clean and safe. Because clean water is essential to a healthy life.
II. Air pollution
Causes of air pollution.
Air pollution due to natural factors:
Due to natural phenomena: volcanoes, forest fires, dust storms, or decomposition processes, decaying keratosis - natural plants ... This is an objective cause so it is difficult to predict and prevent.
Air pollution due to human factors
+ Industry: This is the largest source of pollution caused by humans. The process of pollution is the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas, creating toxic gases (CO2, CO, SO2, NOx, unburnt organic substances: soot, dust ). Industrial sources are highly toxic, concentrated in a small space, and depending on the scale of production and the fuel used, the amount of toxic and toxic substances will be different.
+ Transportation: This is also a major source of pollution to the air, especially in urban areas and densely populated areas. The process of burning engine fuel creates toxic gases that affect the air such as CO2, CO, SO2, NOx, Pb, CH4 ...
+ Activities: Mainly due to cooking activities that use fuels to create harmful gases that pollute the local households and surrounding households.
Consequences of air pollution
For animals - plants.
+ Air pollution causes harmful effects to all organisms.
+ Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, fluorine, lead ... directly harm plants when entering stomata, damaging the system to reduce drainage and reduce disease resistance.
+ Most fruit trees are very sensitive to HF. When exposed to a concentration of HF greater than 0.002 mg / m3, the leaves are burnt spots, deciduous.
+ Earth's warming due to the greenhouse effect also causes changes in plants and animals on Earth.
+ Acid rain also indirectly affects plants and lacks food Ca and kills soil microorganisms. It causes Al ion to be released into the water to damage the roots (absorbing feathers) and reduce the absorption of food and water.
+ For animals, especially pets, fluoride causes more disasters. They are poisoned by direct inhalation and through the food chain.
+ Acidic air pollutants will combine with water droplets in the cloud to make water acidic. When the water drops on the ground, it will harm the environment: killing trees, animals, fish, etc. Acidic water also changes the nature of water in rivers, streams, etc. harming the births. living things under water.
For man.
Dust:
+ Harmful effects of dust depend on the nature (composition) of dust, dust concentration, dust parle size, contact time and personal response.
+ Dust into the lungs causes mechanical irritation, pulmonary fibrosis leading to respiratory diseases.
+ Dust can cause eye, skin and blood sugar diseases and other body systems (Dust enters the body and dissolves in blood and body fluids), cardiovascular disease ...
+ Dust can cause cancer: dust containing toxic ingredients, asbestos dust ...
Dioxide Sulfur (SO2) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2):
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2).
+ Sulfur Dioxide is a gas formed by oxidation of sulfur (S) when burning fuels such as coal, oil, products of oil, sulfide ore, etc. SO2 is a gas that causes strong respiratory irritation, when inhaled. breathing of SO2 gas (even at low concentrations) can cause spasm of the bronchial straight muscles. Large concentrations of SO2 can cause increased mucus secretion in the upper respiratory tract mucosa and bronchial air branches. SO2 affects the function of the lungs, causing pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, causing cardiovascular disease, hypersensitivity in people with asthma, ...
+ SO2 poisoning through the skin reduces alkaline reserves in the blood, eliminates ammonia to the urine and releases saliva.
+ General toxicity of SO2 expressed in disorders of protein and sugar metabolism, lack of vitamins B and C, inhibition of oxidase enzymes.
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2):
+ Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2): is a brown gas, produced by Nitrogen oxidation at high temperature. NO2 is a dangerous gas, has a strong effect on respiratory organs especially in susceptible groups such as children, the elderly, asthma sufferers. –If contact with NO2 will damage the lung mucosa, increase the risk of respiratory diseases, damage of lung, eye, nose, and throat functions, etc.
Carbon monoxide (CO)
+ Carbon monoxide (CO) combined with hemoglobin (Hb) in the blood to be a stable compound, cacboxy hemoglobin (HbCO), reduces blood oxygen transport capacity, leading to lack of oxygen in the blood ....
Ammonia (NH3)
+ NH3 is a toxic gas that can strongly stimulate the nose, mouth and respiratory system.
+ Exposure to NH3 at a concentration of 100mg / m3 in a short period of time will not have long-term consequences, but if exposed to NH3 at a concentration of 1500-2000 mg / m3 for 30 minutes, it will be dangerous to live.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
+ H2S enters the body through pphooir will be oxidized to sulfate. Low toxicity compounds will not accumulate in the body. About 6% of the absorbed gas will be excreted through exhaled air, the rest after the metabolism is excreted in the urine.
+ At low concentrations, v stimulates on eyes and respiratory tract.
+ Breathing large amounts of H2S mixture will cause a sudden lack of oxygen, which can lead to death from suffocation.
+ Signs of acute poisoning:
vomiting, gastrointestinal disorders, diarrhea, dry and foul-smelling nasopharynx, eyelid- eyes, ocular conjunctivitis, purulent secretion and vision loss.
+ Regular exposure to H2S at levels below the level of acute toxicity can cause chronic poisoning. Symptoms can be: weakness, nervous system disorders, digestive system, insomnia, chronic bronchitis, ...
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
+ Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) include many organic chemicals in which the most important are benzene, toluene, xylene, .. VOCs can cause acute toxicity if exposed at high doses, causing inflammation of the respiratory tract. absorption, gastrointestinal disorders, neurological disorders, hematological disorders, causing liver - kidney damage, causing skin irritation, ... and is the cause of myelosuppression, blood cancer.
Lead (Pb):
Lead (Pb): exhaust smoke from the engine of vehicles involved in traffic contains a certain amount of lead. In addition, lead can be generated from ore mines, from factories producing batteries, synthe plass, paints, chemicals, etc. Lead enters the body through respiratory, food, drinking water, and through skin, through breast milk, etc. Lead will accumulate in the bones and red blood cells causing bone marrow disorders, joint pain, nephritis, hypertension, cerebral complications, poisoning of the central and peripheral nervous system, Red cell rupture causes anemia, causing kidney dysfunction. Pregnant women and children are very susceptible to the effects of lead (causing miscarriage or death, reducing intelligence, ...).
Radon gas.
Radon gas is produced by decaying uranium in nature, which is a heavy gas so it usually exists in the air layer close to the ground. In nature, radon is found in rocky soil, coal slag, construction material dump, in mud. Radon can cling to small dust parles, penetrate the body through the respiratory tract or penetrate the skin, through open wounds that cause lung cancer, leukemia, etc.
For properties
+ Making metal rust.
+ Corrosion to concrete.
+ Abrasion, decomposition of the product surface.
+ Causing discoloration and damage to paintings.
+ Reducing plas strength and discolouration of fabric fibers.
+ Reduce durability of paper, rubber, tanning.
For global
+ Acid rain
+ Greenhouse effect
+ Ozone layer depletion
+ Temperature change.
Remedies
Technical measures:
+ Replace outdated machines, outdated technology lines, causing much pollution by modern, less polluting technology chains.
+ Replace burning fuel from coal and fuel oil by using electricity to prevent air pollution by burnt and SO2.
Planning measures:
+ Minimizing the construction of industrial parks in export processing zones in the city, only retaining enterprises directly serving people's daily needs.
+ Encourage people to travel by public means to minimize congestion and traffic means, thereby reducing the density of dust and waste caused by the combustion of fuel and oil in the air. , especially during peak hours.
+ Create large areas of green trees in the city, set up strips of green trees connecting different areas of the city, especially in areas and streets with many means of passing and happening. congestion.
Some vehicles overcome air pollution
Air purification by biological method
Biofiltration is a relatively new treatment for pollution, which is an attractive method for handling bad odor gases and low concentrations of volatile compounds.
The common shape of a biological filtration system is a big box, some systems can be as big as a basketball court, some systems can be as small as a yard yard (0.76 m3). The main principle of the treatment system is to allow bacteria to come into contact with pollutants in the exhaust gas. This exhaust filter system is a place to store filter materials and breeding grounds for microorganisms. In this system, microorganisms will form a biofilm, which is a thin, moist membrane surrounding filter materials.
During the filtration process, the exhaust gas is pumped slowly through the filtration system, the pollutants in the exhaust gas are absorbed by the filter materials. The polluting gases will be adsorbed by biofilms, where microorganisms will decompose them to create energy and by-products of CO2 and H2O by the following equation:
Organic pollutants + O2 CO2 + H2O + heat + biomass.
Waste gas treatment by biotechnology
Biofilter technology (biofilter) is an emissions treatment method with low investment cost, low cost and environmentally friendly operation, it is a suitable method for handling odors and gases. Volatile organic compounds with low concentrations such as animal feed and cassava starch factories
Air purifier
Based on the principle that charged parles will attract each other, the machine uses technology to emit negative charges into the air, neutralizing the symmetrical charges as harmful positive ions in the environment and creating effects to attract dirt, bacteria, mold ... These negative ions also adhere to toxic parles in the air and positively charged electrosta membrane in the machine will attract and hold these parles.
In closed rooms where,
Many equipment such as computers, printers, televisions, neon ... are devices that emit many positive ions causing harm to the body, air purifiers will provide negative ions and air conditioners.
Gauze mask:
Activated carbon masks and deodorants have the following effects:
+ Preventing entry into the respiratory tract of microscopic dust parles and other pollution wastes.
+ Filter odor, chemicals, gasoline smell, photochemical smoke, black smoke, pollen. Prevent dust, toxic gases such as CO, SO2, NO2, H2S, NH3 ....
+ Protecting respiratory system, limiting allergic rhinitis caused by air pollutants.
Causes need to be changed and, most importantly, our human consciousness about the cause of water pollution in Vietnam.
Why is human consciousness the most important of environmental pollution, first referring to residential areas or households living along the river in 2013, the vast majority of whom are people People living along the river, then the daily cleaning has made the water environment worse, in recent years, the river in the area of living people have been heavily polluted.
Speaking about the consciousness of the people, there are families living all year round on boats, boats, barges ... not only their daily activities are discharged into the water but also objects that are no longer used also thrown in. River.
The activities of the people occur throughout the year as such, the water environment in Vietnam is increasingly polluted, the people living in polluted areas or nearby residents will also affect the health. very strong.
There are also companies, factories or factories that have escaped the environmental laws and the river is discharged into the river.
The causes of water pollution in Vietnam just mentioned above have destroyed our environment, what we have done is that we are facing many serious illnesses and costly expenses. .
In addition, water pollution also affects the lives of living and living plants, which cause ecological disturbances, causing some fish or plants to deplete due to pollution of the water environment. This increases the scope and thus the authorities can hardly reform.
As pollution of the water environment increases, the level of human health decreases and it can lead to pollution of the intersection of rivers and lakes, affecting marine ecosystems. .
The major sources of pollution are Saigon Port, Saigon River, Tau Canal, Black Canal, 15, 17, 18, Thay Cai Canal, etc. in Ho Chi Minh City. Black water and bad smells made the people around and the people who were walking so uncomfortable.
In terms of solutions, governments and authorities must place prohibition signs in places where there are many residents living near the rivers and strictly punish acts of deliberately throwing litter into the river or people living in the river. ships, boats, barges ...
In areas where water pollution is a problem, it is important to learn about the area and to conduct the renovation and use of the technologies or to hire foreign environmental specialists who have advanced technologies to change the water source. infected in the optimal time as possible.
The media must also include environmental information as well as solutions on how to communicate with people in the environment, especially the water environment, such as information and communication. Everybody changes their minds to keep their sanitation in common with the environment as well as the water environment in Vietnam.
On the limitation of these solutions, it is well known that it would require a lot of money to renovate or hire foreign experts, when it comes to the causes of water pollution in Vietnam. The solution is to try to change the environment of clean water, but if our human consciousness is that, one day we will also meet the scene of such black rivers.
Therefore, let us protect our environment and our children in the future so that we can live in a clean environment, help us improve our health and ecosystems. in water environment.