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1. I could hold a big party due to my Mom's help.
=> Had it not been for my Mom's help, I couldn't have held a big party
2. What you do with the money is of no interest to me.
=> I don't care what you will do with money
3. I feel uncomfortable to be in a room where everybody is shouting.
=>I can't stand being in a room where everyboby is shouting
4. The Picasso painting was so expensive that nobody could buy it.
=> So expensive was the Picasso painting that nobody could buy it.
II. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it is as similar its possible in meaning
to the original sentence. Use the word/ phrase given and other words as necessary. Do not change
the form of the given word. (2.0 p)
1. My father said I could use his car. (allowed)
__________________My father allowed me to use his car_______________________________________________
2. He didn’t take up the post till early the following year. (It…until)
_______________________It was not until early the following year that he didn't take up the post__________________________________________
3. I won’t swim in the sea because it is too cold. (enough)
_____________________The sea isn't warm enough for me to swim____________________________________________
4. Do you know Mrs. Linda? Her son has just won the scholarship. (whose)
____________________Do you know Mrs. Linda whose son has just won the scholarship?_____________________________________________
5. If we hear any further news, we will be in touch immediately. (Should)
________________________Should we hear any futher news, we will be in tough immediately_________________________________________
6. The police arrived too late, so the burglar escaped. (By the time)
______________________By the time the police arrived, the burglar had escaped___________________________________________
7. Our flight couldn’t take off because of the frog. (prevented)
________________________The frog prevented our flight from taking off_________________________________________
8. You left the key in the room. That was rather careless of you. (which)
___________________________You left the key in the room, which was rather careless of you______________________________________
9. The driver said it was true that he didn’t have a license. (admitted)
________________________The driver admitted not to have a license_________________________________________
10. Their game of badminton is always on Tuesday. (play)
______________________They always play badminton on Tuesday____________________________________
46. after the students had known about the results of the mid-term tests they were very excited
-> having known about the results of the mid-term tests, the students were very excited
47. Mary read her favorite book and then she went to the supermarket to buy some food for lunch
-> before mary went to the supermarket to buy some food for lunch, she had read her favorite book
48, the boy went out with his friends without parent's permission last week. he admitted that
- the boy admitted to having gone out with his friends without parent's permission the previous week
49. many students want to take the bus to go to school on time
- many student look for the bus to go to school on time
50, its good for you to learn a foreign language before leaving your high school
-you had better learn a foreign language before leaving your high school
36. it is important for parents _________their children up form school (to pick)
15, do not swear at school. such behaviours and language are not ___ in my school
a. acceptable b. unacceptably c. accept d, unacceptable
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
1. One of the characteristics of the postal service before the 1840s was that
A. postmen were employed by various organisations.
B. letters were restricted to a certain length.
C. distance affected the price of postage.
D. the price of delivery kept going up.
2. Letter writers in the 1830s
A. were not responsible for the cost of delivery.
B. tried to fit more than one letter into an envelope.
C. could only send letters to people living in cities.
D. knew all letters were automatically read by postal staff.
3. What does the text say about Hill in the 1830s?
A. He was the first person to express concern about the postal system.
B. He considered it would be more efficient for mail to be delivered by rail.
C. He felt that postal service reform was necessary for commercial development.
D. His plan received support from all the important figures of the day.
The Penny Black
It might not have looked very impressive, but the Penny Black, now 170 years old, was the first stamp to be created and it launched the modem postal system in Britain.
Before 1840 and the arrival of the Penny Black, you had to be rich and patient to use the Royal Mail. Delivery was charged according to the miles travelled and the number of sheets of paper used; a 2-page letter sent from Edinburgh to London, for example, would have cost 2 shillings, or more than £7 in today’s money. And when the top-hatted letter carrier came to deliver it, it was the recipient who had to pay for the postage. Letter writers employed various ruses to reduce the cost, doing everything possible to cram more words onto a page. Nobody bothered with heavy envelopes; instead, letters would be folded and sealed with wax. You then had to find a post office - there were no pillar boxes - and hope your addressee didn't live in one of the several rural areas which were not served by the system. If you were lucky, your letter would arrive (it could take days) without being read or censored.
The state of mail had been causing concern throughout the 1830s, but it was Rowland Hill, an inventor, teacher and social reformer from Kidderminster, who proposed a workable plan for change. Worried that a dysfunctional, costly service would stifle communication just as Britain was in the swing of its second industrial revolution, he believed reform would ease the distribution of ideas and stimulate trade and business, delivering the same promise as the new railways.
Hill’s proposal for the penny post, which meant any letter weighing less than half an ounce (14 grams) could be sent anywhere in Britain for about 30p in today’s money, was so radical that the Postmaster General, Lord Lichfield, said, 'Of all the wild and visionary schemes which I ever heard of, it is the most extravagant.’ Lord Lichfield spoke for an establishment not convinced of the need for poor people to post anything. But merchants and reformers backed Hill. Soon the government told him to make his scheme work. And that meant inventing a new type of currency.
Hill quickly settled on 'a bit of paper covered at the back with a glutinous wash which the user might, by applying a little moisture, attach to the back of a letter’. Stamps would be printed in sheets of 240 that could be cut using scissors or a knife. Perforations would not arrive until 1854. The idea stuck, and in August 1839 the Treasury launched a design competition open to ‘all artists, men of science and the public in general’. The new stamp would need to be resistant to forgery, and so it was a submission by one Mr Cheverton that Hill used as the basis for one of the most striking designs in history. Cheverton, who worked as a sculptor and an engineer, determined that a portrait of Queen Victoria, engraved for a commemorative coin when she was a 15-year-old princess, was detailed enough to make copying difficult, and recognisable enough to make fakes easy to spot. The words ‘Postage’ and ‘One Penny’ were added alongside flourishes and ornamental stars. Nobody thought to add the word ‘Britain’, as it was assumed that the stamps would solely be put to domestic use.
With the introduction of the new postal system, the Penny Black was an instant hit, and printers struggled to meet demand. By the end of 1840, more than 160 million letters had been sent - more than double the previous year. It created more work for the post office, whose reform continued with the introduction of red letter boxes, new branches and more frequent deliveries, even to the remotest address, but its lasting impact on society was more remarkable.
Hill and his supporters rightly predicted that cheaper post would improve the ‘diffusion of knowledge’. Suddenly, someone in Scotland could be reached by someone in London within a day or two. And as literacy improved, sections of society that had been disenfranchised found a voice.
Tristram Hunt, an historian, values the ‘flourishing of correspondence’ that followed the arrival of stamps. ‘While I was writing my biography of Friedrich Engels I could read the letters he and Marx sent between Manchester and London,’ he says. ‘They wrote to each other three times a day, pinging ideas back and forth so that you can almost follow a real-time correspondence.’
The penny post also changed the nature of the letter. Weight-saving tricks such as cross-writing began to die out, while the arrival of envelopes built confidence among correspondents that mail would not be stolen or read. And so people wrote more private things - politically or commercially sensitive information or love letters. ‘In the early days of the penny post, there was still concern about theft,’ Hunt says. ‘Engels would still send Marx money by ripping up five-pound notes and sending the pieces in different letters.’ But the probity of the postal system became a great thing and it came to be expected that your mail would not be tampered with.
For all its brilliance, the Penny Black was technically a failure. At first, post offices used red ink to cancel stamps so that they could not be used again. But the ink could be removed. When in 1842, it was determined that black ink would be more robust, the colour of the Penny Black became a sort of browny red, but Hill’s brainchild had made its mark.
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
1. One of the characteristics of the postal service before the 1840s was that
A. postmen were employed by various organisations.
B. letters were restricted to a certain length.
C. distance affected the price of postage.
D. the price of delivery kept going up.
2. Letter writers in the 1830s
A. were not responsible for the cost of delivery.
B. tried to fit more than one letter into an envelope.
C. could only send letters to people living in cities.
D. knew all letters were automatically read by postal staff.
3. What does the text say about Hill in the 1830s?
A. He was the first person to express concern about the postal system.
B. He considered it would be more efficient for mail to be delivered by rail.
C. He felt that postal service reform was necessary for commercial development.
D. His plan received support from all the important figures of the day.
i/ choose the one word or phrase abc or d, that best completes the sentences or substitutes for the underlined word or phrase
4. the school appeared essentially ______ since my day
a, changed b. unchanged c. changeable d. unchangeable
5, i've got lots of_____ but only a few are really good friends
a. close friends b. accquaintances c. neighbors d. partners
6, unselfishness is the very essence of friendship
a. romantic part b. important part c. difficult part d, interesting part
7. they ____ a close friendship at university
a. created b. became c. promoted d. formed
8. we stayed friends even after we ____ and left home
a. brought up b. turned up c. grew up d. took up
9. Sarah brightened ____ considerably as she thought of Emily's words
a. with b. on c. up d. for
10. does he tell you how he is getting ___ his new friend
a. on with b. on of c. away with d. out of
11. there is no truth in the ___ that Margaret has lost her job
a. rumour b. case c. instance d. news
12. friendship is a two side ____; it lives by give and take
a. affair b. event c. way d. aspect
13. Jen had confided her secret to Mark ; but he betrayed her _________-
a, loyalty b. trust c. constancy d. sympathy
14. it was so relaxing to be ___ old friend
a. in b. between c. among d. around
15. she's made friends ___ a little girl who lives next door
a. to b. of c.by d. with
16. the children seem to be totally capable _____ working by themselves
a. on b. of c. in d, for
17. they were extremely ____ to my plight
a. sympathyzed b. sympathetic c. sympathy d. sympathetical
4. the school appeared essentially ______ since my day
a, changed b. unchanged c. changeable d. unchangeable
5, i've got lots of_____ but only a few are really good friends
a. close friends b. accquaintances c. neighbors d. partners
6, unselfishness is the very essence of friendship
a. romantic part b. important part c. difficult part d, interesting part
7. they ____ a close friendship at university
a. created b. became c. promoted d. formed
8. we stayed friends even after we ____ and left home
a. brought up b. turned up c. grew up d. took up
9. Sarah brightened ____ considerably as she thought of Emily's words
a. with b. on c. up d. for
10. does he tell you how he is getting ___ his new friend
a. on with b. on of c. away with d. out of
11. there is no truth in the ___ that Margaret has lost her job
a. rumour b. case c. instance d. news
12. friendship is a two side ____; it lives by give and take
a. affair b. event c. way d. aspect
13. Jen had confided her secret to Mark ; but he betrayed her _________-
a, loyalty b. trust c. constancy d. sympathy
14. it was so relaxing to be ___ old friend
a. in b. between c. among d. around
15. she's made friends ___ a little girl who lives next door
a. to b. of c.by d. with
16. the children seem to be totally capable _____ working by themselves
a. on b. of c. in d, for
17. they were extremely ____ to my plight
a. sympathyzed b. sympathetic c. sympathy d. sympathetical
18. the president expressed his deep sorrow over the bombing deaths
a. sadness b. anxiety c. disappointment d. interest
4. the school appeared essentially ______ since my day
a, changed b. unchanged c. changeable d. unchangeable
5, i've got lots of_____ but only a few are really good friends
a. close friends b. accquaintances c. neighbors d. partners
6, unselfishness is the very essence of friendship
a. romantic part b. important part c. difficult part d, interesting part
7. they ____ a close friendship at university
a. created b. became c. promoted d. formed
8. we stayed friends even after we ____ and left home
a. brought up b. turned up c. grew up d. took up
9. Sarah brightened ____ considerably as she thought of Emily's words
a. with b. on c. up d. for
10. does he tell you how he is getting ___ his new friend
a. on with b. on of c. away with d. out of
11. there is no truth in the ___ that Margaret has lost her job
a. rumour b. case c. instance d. news
12. friendship is a two side ____; it lives by give and take
a. affair b. event c. way d. aspect
13. Jen had confided her secret to Mark ; but he betrayed her _________-
a, loyalty b. trust c. constancy d. sympathy
14. it was so relaxing to be ___ old friend
a. in b. between c. among d. around
15. she's made friends ___ a little girl who lives next door
a. to b. of c.by d. with
16. the children seem to be totally capable _____ working by themselves
a. on b. of c. in d, for
17. they were extremely ____ to my plight
a. sympathyzed b. sympathetic c. sympathy d. sympathetical
18. the president expressed his deep sorrow over the bombing deaths
a. sadness b. anxiety c. disappointment d. interest