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Dễ dàng nhận ra x;y;z dương.
\(y^2+1=x+\frac{1}{x}\ge2\Rightarrow y^2\ge1\Rightarrow y\ge\frac{1}{y}\)
Tương tự ta có: \(x\ge\frac{1}{x};z\ge\frac{1}{z}\Rightarrow x+y+z\ge\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}+\frac{1}{z}\) (1)
Lại có \(x+\frac{1}{x}=y^2+1\ge2y\)
Tương tự: \(y+\frac{1}{y}\ge2z;z+\frac{1}{z}\ge2x\Rightarrow x+y+z+\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}+\frac{1}{z}\ge2\left(x+y+z\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow x+y+z\le\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}+\frac{1}{z}\) (2)
Từ (1) và (2) \(\Rightarrow x+y+z=\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}+\frac{1}{z}\)
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi \(x=y=z=1\)
1.
\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x^2+y+x^3y+xy^2+xy=-\dfrac{5}{4}\\x^4+y^2+xy\left(1+2x\right)=-\dfrac{5}{4}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\left(x^2+y\right)+xy+xy\left(x^2+y\right)=-\dfrac{5}{4}\\\left(x^2+y\right)^2+xy=-\dfrac{5}{4}\end{matrix}\right.\left(1\right)\)
Đặt \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x^2+y=a\\xy=b\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\left(1\right)\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a+b+ab=-\dfrac{5}{4}\\a^2+b=-\dfrac{5}{4}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a-a^2-\dfrac{5}{4}-a\left(a^2+\dfrac{5}{4}\right)=-\dfrac{5}{4}\\b=-a^2-\dfrac{5}{4}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a^2-a^3-\dfrac{1}{4}a=0\\b=-a^2-\dfrac{5}{4}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}-a\left(a^2-a+\dfrac{1}{4}\right)=0\\b=-a^2-\dfrac{5}{4}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a\left(a-\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^2=0\\b=-a^2-\dfrac{5}{4}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a=0\\b=-\dfrac{5}{4}\end{matrix}\right.\\\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a=\dfrac{1}{2}\\b=-\dfrac{3}{2}\end{matrix}\right.\end{matrix}\right.\)
TH1: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a=0\\b=-\dfrac{5}{4}\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x^2+y=0\\xy=-\dfrac{5}{4}\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=\dfrac{\sqrt[3]{10}}{2}\\y=-\dfrac{5}{2\sqrt[3]{10}}\end{matrix}\right.\)
TH2: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a=\dfrac{1}{2}\\b=-\dfrac{3}{2}\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x^2+y=\dfrac{1}{2}\\xy=-\dfrac{3}{2}\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=1\\y=-\dfrac{3}{2}\end{matrix}\right.\)
Kết luận: Phương trình đã cho có nghiệm \(\left(x;y\right)\in\left\{\left(\dfrac{\sqrt[3]{10}}{2};-\dfrac{5}{2\sqrt[3]{10}}\right);\left(1;-\dfrac{3}{2}\right)\right\}\)
2.
\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\left(x+1\right)^3-16\left(x+1\right)=\left(\dfrac{2}{y}\right)^3-4\left(\dfrac{2}{y}\right)\\1+\left(\dfrac{2}{y}\right)^2=5\left(x+1\right)^2+5\end{matrix}\right.\)
Đặt \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+1=u\\\dfrac{2}{y}=v\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}u^3-16u=v^3-4v\\v^2=5u^2+4\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}u^3-v^3=16u-4v\\4=v^2-5u^2\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow4\left(u^3-v^3\right)=\left(16u-4v\right)\left(v^2-5u^2\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow21u^3-5u^2v-4uv^2=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow u\left(7u-4v\right)\left(3u+v\right)=0\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}u=0\Rightarrow v^2=4\\u=\dfrac{4v}{7}\Rightarrow4=v^2-5\left(\dfrac{4v}{7}\right)^2\\v=-3u\Rightarrow4=\left(-3u\right)^2-5u^2\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow...\)
Lời giải:
ĐK: $xy\geq 0$
Xét PT $(1)$:
\(x+y=1+\sqrt{xy}(*)\Rightarrow (x+y)^2=(1+\sqrt{xy})^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^2+y^2=1+2\sqrt{xy}-xy=2-(\sqrt{xy}-1)^2\leq 2\)
Xét PT $(2)$:
Áp dụng BĐT AM-GM:
\(\sqrt{x^2+3}+\sqrt{y^2+3}\leq \frac{4+(x^2+3)}{4}+\frac{4+(y^2+3)}{4}=\frac{14+x^2+y^2}{4}\leq \frac{14+2}{4}=4\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi : \(\left\{\begin{matrix} \sqrt{xy}-1=0\\ x^2+3=4\\ y^2+3=4\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow x=y=\pm 1\)
Mặt khác từ $(*)$ suy ra $x+y>0$ nên $x=y=1$ là đáp án cuối cùng.