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a) Đặt \(A=\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+\dfrac{1}{6^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{\left(2n\right)^2}\)
\(A=\dfrac{1}{2^2}\left(1+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{n^2}\right)\)
Ta có:
\(\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{n^2}< \dfrac{1}{1.2}+\dfrac{1}{2.3}+...+\dfrac{1}{\left(n-1\right)n}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{n^2}< 1-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{n-1}-\dfrac{1}{n}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{n^2}< 1-\dfrac{1}{n}\)
\(\Rightarrow1+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{n^2}< 1-\dfrac{1}{n}+1\)
\(\Rightarrow1+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{n^2}< 2-\dfrac{1}{n}\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{2^2}\left(1+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{n^2}\right)< \dfrac{1}{2^2}\left(2-\dfrac{1}{2}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \dfrac{1}{2^2}.2-\dfrac{1}{2^2}.\dfrac{1}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{2^3}< \dfrac{1}{2}\)
Vậy \(A< \dfrac{1}{2}\left(Đpcm\right)\)
b) Đặt \(B=\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{5^2}+\dfrac{1}{7^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{\left(2n+1\right)^2}\)
Ta có:
\(B< \dfrac{1}{1.3}+\dfrac{1}{3.5}+\dfrac{1}{5.7}+...+\dfrac{1}{\left(2n-1\right)\left(2n+1\right)}\)
\(B< \dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{2}{1.3}+\dfrac{2}{3.5}+\dfrac{2}{5.7}+...+\dfrac{2}{\left(2n-1\right)\left(2n+1\right)}\right)\)
\(B< \dfrac{1}{2}\left(1-\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{5}+\dfrac{1}{5}-\dfrac{1}{7}+...+\dfrac{1}{2n-1}-\dfrac{1}{2n+1}\right)\)
\(B< \dfrac{1}{2}\left(1-\dfrac{1}{2n+1}\right)\)
\(B< \dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{2n+1}{2n+1}-\dfrac{1}{2n+1}\right)\)
\(B< \dfrac{1}{2}.\dfrac{2n}{2n+1}\)
\(B< \dfrac{2n}{4n+2}\)
\(B< \dfrac{2n}{2\left(2n+1\right)}\)
\(B< \dfrac{n}{2n+1}\)
Ta có: \(\dfrac{1}{1+x^2}+\dfrac{1}{1+y^2}\ge\dfrac{2}{1+xy}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(\dfrac{1}{1+x^2}-\dfrac{1}{1+y^2}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{1+y^2}-\dfrac{1}{xy}\right)\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{xy-x^2}{\left(1+x^2\right)\left(1+xy\right)}+\dfrac{xy-y^2}{\left(1+y^2\right)\left(1+xy\right)}\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{x\left(y-x\right)}{\left(1+x^2\right)\left(1+xy\right)}+\dfrac{y\left(x-y\right)}{\left(1+y^2\right)\left(1+xy\right)}\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{\left(y-x\right)^2\left(xy-1\right)}{\left(1+x^2\right)\left(1+y^2\right)\left(1+xy\right)}\ge0\)
BĐT cuối đúng vì x.y > 0 => đpcm
Bài 1:
$a^2-1=(a-1)(a+1)$
Vì $a$ là số nguyên tố lớn hơn $3$ nên $a$ không chia hết cho $3$. Suy ra $a$ chia $3$ dư $1$ hoặc $2$
Nếu $a$ chia $3$ dư $1\Rightarrow a-1\vdots 3\Rightarrow a^2-1=(a-1)(a+1)\vdots 3$
Nếu $a$ chia $3$ dư $2\Rightarrow a+1\vdots 3\Rightarrow a^2-1=(a-1)(a+1)\vdots 3$
Vậy $a^2-1\vdots 3(1)$
Mặt khác, $a$ là số nguyên tố lớn hơn $3$ thì $a$ lẻ. Do đó $a$ có dạng $4k+1$ hoặc $4k+3$ ($k\in\mathbb{Z}$)
Nếu \(a=4k+1\Rightarrow a^2-1=(4k+1)^2-1=16k^2+8k\vdots 8\)
Nếu \(a=4k+3\Rightarrow a^2-1=(4k+3)^2-1=16k^2+24k+8\vdots 8\)
Vậy $a^2-1\vdots 8(2)$
Từ $(1);(2)$ mà $(3,8)=1$ nên $a^2-1\vdots 24$ (đpcm)
Bài 2:
Từ bài 1 ta thấy rằng với mọi số $a$ là số nguyên tố lớn hơn 3 thì $a^2-1\vdots 24(1)$
Tương tự $b^2-1\vdots 24(2)$
Từ \((1);(2)\Rightarrow (a^2-1)-(b^2-1)\vdots 24\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2-b^2\vdots 24\) (đpcm)
a: \(\Leftrightarrow4\left(6-x\right)-3x=6\left(2x+3\right)-12\)
=>24-4x-3x=12x+18-12
=>12x+6=-7x+24
=>19x=18
=>x=18/19
b: \(\Leftrightarrow-210x-6\left(x-3\right)-15x=30x+10\left(2x+1\right)\)
=>-225x-6x+18=30x+20x+10
=>-231x+18-50x-10=0
=>-281x=-8
=>x=8/281
c: \(\Leftrightarrow36-2\left(x+3\right)=-4x+1-x\)
=>36-2x-6=-5x+1
=>3x=1+6-36=5-36=-31
=>x=-31/3
d: \(\Leftrightarrow-30\left(x-3\right)+10\left(2x-7\right)=6\left(6-x\right)\)
=>-30x+90+20x-70=36-6x
=>-10x+20=36-6x
=>-4x=16
=>x=-4